Promoting on-farm and rural renewable energy production and energy efficiency
As climate variability increases and energy costs continue to rise, producing on-farm, renewable energy has become an attractive option for many farmers and ranchers. In order to help producers save money and utilize renewable energy, the Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) provides grants and loans to farmers and rural businesses interested in making energy efficiency improvements. The program also supports the purchase of wind, solar or other renewable energy systems, and provides grants to help farmers with energy audits and renewable energy development.
Learn More About REAP:
- Program Basics: Learn more about how this program works
- Eligibility: Find out who can utilize this program
- The Program in Action: Read success stories from those who have used this program
- How to Apply and Program Resources: Learn more about the application process and where to find more information
- Program History, Funding, and Farm Bill Changes: Learn about important policy changes and funding levels provided by the Farm Bill
USDA’s Rural Business-Cooperative Service administers REAP. The program offers two types of assistance:
- Grants and loan guarantees to farmers and rural businesses for energy efficiency improvements and purchase of renewable energy systems.
- Grants to service providers who work with farmers and rural small businesses for energy audits and renewable energy planning and development.
Grants and Loan Guarantees to Farmers and Businesses for Energy Efficiency Improvements and Purchase of Renewable Energy Systems
Farmers and ranchers and rural small businesses can apply to REAP for either grants or loan guarantees to improve the efficiency of existing energy-using operations or to install new renewable energy systems. Wind, solar, renewable biomass, anaerobic digesters, small-hydroelectric, and geothermal are among the energy systems that can be funded by REAP. There are limits to the amount of federal assistance available as follows:
- REAP grants cannot provide more than 25 percent of the total cost of the activity carried out using the funds from the grant.
- REAP loan guarantees cannot exceed $25 million.
- Projects may receive both a grant and a loan guarantee but the combined amount of a grant and loan guarantee cannot exceed 75 percent of the total cost of the funded activity.
The 2018 Farm Bill maintains a 20 percent reservation of REAP funding each fiscal year for smaller grants of under $20,000 until June 30 of each fiscal year. The 2018 Farm Bill includes a new provision that reserves the vast majority of the funding for grants to farmers and rural businesses by limiting the amount of funding that can be spent on loans guarantees to just 15 percent of the funds made available for the program each fiscal year.
Energy Audits and Renewable Energy Development Assistance Grants
In addition to energy efficiency and renewable energy development projects, REAP grants can also be used for energy audits and renewable energy planning and development projects. Grants for energy audits and planning are available only to units of government, higher education, rural electric cooperatives, and public utilities. These awards are used to establish programs to assist agriculture producers and rural small businesses with evaluating their energy usage and potential for incorporating efficiency improvements/renewable energy production systems. The 2018 Farm Bill maintains a four percent reservation of REAP funding each fiscal year for energy audit and renewable energy development grants until April 1 of each fiscal year, after which time any remaining funding will be made available for the energy efficiency improvement and renewable energy system grants and loan guarantees.
A grantee may not use more than 5 percent of a grant for administrative expenses. In addition, a grantee that conducts an energy audit for an agricultural producer or rural small business must require that, as a condition of the energy audit, the agricultural producer or rural small business pay at least 25 percent of the cost of the energy audit.
REAP funding may not be used to subsidize renewable energy delivery through ethanol blender pumps.
Agricultural producers and rural small businesses are eligible to apply for grants and loans for energy efficiency improvements and purchase of renewable energy systems.
USDA considers the following criteria in awarding REAP grants and loans for energy efficiency improvements and the purchase of renewable energy systems:
- Type of renewable energy system to be purchase
- Estimated quantity of energy to be generated by the renewable energy system
- Expected environmental benefits of the renewable energy system
- Quantity of energy savings expected to be derived from the activity, as demonstrated by an energy audit
- Estimated period of time for the energy savings generated by the activity to equal the cost of the activity
- Expected energy efficiency of a renewable energy system
Entities eligible to apply for grants to conduct energy audits and renewable energy planning and development assistance are limited to:
- Units of state, tribal, or local government
- Land-grant colleges or universities or other institutions of higher education
- Rural electric cooperatives or public power entities
USDA considers the following criteria in awarding REAP grants for energy audits and renewable energy development:
- Ability and expertise of the applicant to provide professional energy audits and renewable energy assessments
- Geographic scope of the program proposed in relation to the identified need
- Number of agricultural producers and rural small businesses to be assisted
- Potential of the proposal to produce energy savings and environmental benefit
- Plan of the applicant for performing outreach and assistance to agricultural producers and rural small businesses on the benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy development
- Ability of the applicant to leverage other sources of funding
Since 2008, REAP has provided hundreds of millions of dollars in grants and loan guarantees to fund thousands of renewable energy projects across the country. Farmers and rural businesses have used REAP funding to replace irrigation motors and grain dryers, install solar panels, purchase and install wind turbines, and make energy efficiency upgrades, including the following project highlights:
- A farmer with 750 acres of farmland, 10,000 laying hens, and 75 milking cows in Castalia, Iowa used REAP to install solar panels on his farm. The project reduced his utility bills by 90 percent. The 360 solar panels on the roof of his poultry barn and farm sometimes generate more electricity than needed, allowing the farmer to “bank” the extra electricity on the grid. REAP also helped fund smart meters for the chicken coop and other buildings to monitor where electricity demand is highest. When you’re dealing with electricity, it’s best to have a trained professional from Scott Electrics come in to do any needed work.
- A Vermont farmer used a REAP grant to replace an evaporator on his maple syrup cooker. He plans to purchase and install a new system that will increase syrup production efficiency and reduce annual fuel consumption by 56 percent.
- A family ranch in Nebraska used REAP funding to install five wind turbines to decrease its draw of electricity from the local utility by 30 percent.
- REAP grant awards in Tennessee were made to a sausage making company and a plant nursery to install solar energy projects.
Read more about how REAP has helped farmers and ranchers produce energy on their farms and cut costs:
- Rural Energy Awards Help Farmers Keep the Lights On
- USDA Awards $173 Million for 1,100 Renewable Energy Projects
How to Apply and Program Resources
The 2018 Farm Bill maintains a three-tiered application process that reflects the size of proposed projects. Applications in Tier 1 will compete with other applications in Tier 1, and so on. Tier 1 projects will cost no more than $80,000; Tier 2 projects will cost between $80,000 and $200,000; and Tier 3 projects will cost at least $200,000.
Producers and eligible entities interested in enrolling in REAP should contact their state’s renewable energy coordinator.
Read about the latest news on REAP and other renewable energy and climate news on our blog!
Program History, Funding, and Farm Bill Changes
Congress created REAP in the 2008 Farm Bill by combining the 2002 Farm Bill’s Energy Efficiency Improvements and Renewable Energy Systems Program with an amended version of another 2002 Farm Bill program for grants for energy audits and assistance in using renewable energy technology and resources. REAP was then reauthorized in the 2014 Farm Bill and subsequently reauthorized in the 2018 Farm Bill.
The 2008 Farm Bill provided REAP with only five years of direct (mandatory) funding, and the 2014 Farm Bill established a permanent funding baseline of $50 million per year for the program, which was subsequently maintained in the 2018 Farm Bill.
Rural Energy For American Program Funding
| Fiscal Year | Mandatory Funding (in millions) |
| 2018 | $50 |
| 2019 | $50 |
| 2020 | $50 |
| 2021 | $50 |
| 2022 | $50 |
| 5 yr projection | $250 |
| 10 yr projection | $500 |
Please note: The funding levels in the chart above show the amount of mandatory funding reserved by the 2018 Farm Bill for this program to be provided through USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation. However, Congress does at times pass subsequent appropriations legislation that caps the funding level for a particular year for a particular program at less than provided by the farm bill in order to use the resulting savings to fund a different program. In addition, REAP is subject to automatic cuts as part of an annual sequestration process established by the Budget Control Act of 2011. Therefore, despite its “mandatory” status, the funding level for a given year could be less than the farm bill dictates should the Appropriations Committees decide to raid the farm bill to fund other programs under its jurisdiction.
Recent Appropriations for REAP
| Fiscal Year | Discretionary Funding (in millions) |
| 2017 | $352,000 (loans) |
| 2018 | $290,000 (loans) |
| 2019 | $330,000 (loans) |
REAP is one of a small handful of farm bill-funded programs that also receives an annual appropriation as part of the annual agricultural appropriations bill. Recent appropriations bills have provided between $250,000 to a half of a million for REAP and have dictated that these dollars be spent on loan guarantees. Because of the way loan guarantees work, these small amounts generate significant program levels. For example, appropriations of $500,000 in FY 2016 generated $7.6 million in loan guarantees. The discretionary funding level for REAP is determined each year by Congress in the annual agricultural appropriations bill.
For the most current information on program funding levels, please see NSAC’s Annual Appropriations Chart.
Authorizing Language
Section 9007 of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 amends Section 9007 of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, to be codified at 7 U.S.C. Section 8107.
Last updated in December 2019.